All resource companies commencing operations in Papua New Guinea today are expected to assist in the establishment of, and to offer support and preference to, companies owned by people in their areas of impact. This is relatively unusual in the resource industries world-wide since such expectations are rarely encountered in other jurisdictions; requiring support for national business is common, for local businesses is rare. This report is focussed upon the emergence and progress of such 'landowner companies' or Lancos, and on the challenges faced and policies adopted by all the stakeholders involved in their development, including government agencies and resource companies.